Ein Aspekt der qualitativen wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen im Sport: deren daten als variablenwerte

Initiated by the practical research problems with an evaluation of categorized research material in several qualitative studies in physical and sport education a more general methodological problem is dealt with, viz. how to treat the data of such studies. Therefore, starting from the general methodological postulate of necessity of the “research variable” concept even in the qualitative research (Blahus 1997) the authorities to bring further methodological support for the so-called integrative approach as a unified scientific strategy. The classification of categories produced by categorization during a qualitative research into purely qualitative, graded, and distanced categories is interconnected with the author’s previous classification of random variables (1993, 1996), with levels of measurement scales, and with the dichotomy of string vs. numeric variables of computational software. The Fundamental Postulate (cf. FPELSA in Sec. 8) for processing any kind of data, including the qualitative ones, was formulated on the basis that the data had to be justifiably recognized as values of variables prior to their meaningful evaluation.Ganz praktische Schwierigkeiten wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung bei der Bewertung des kategorisierten Untersuchungsmaterials in einigen qualitativen Studien auf dem Gebiet der Sporterzichung und Sportpädagogik haben diese Studie von einem sehr allgemeinen methodologischen Problem angeregt: wie sollen die Daten aus den qualitativen Untersuchungen verarbeitet werden. Von dem allgemeinen methodologischen Postulat ausgehend, dass die Idee der “Untersuchungsvariable” auch bei den qualitativen Untersuchungen unvermeidbar sei (Blahuš, 1997), versucht der Autor, den sogenannten vollständigen Zugang als die einheitliche vollständige wissenschaftliche Strategie methodologisch kräftiger zu unterstützen. Die Klassifizierung der während der qualitativen Untersuchung erschaffenen Kategorien in die völlig qualitativen graduierten und distanzierten Kategorien ist mit der früheren Klassifizierung der Zufallsvariablen desselben Autors (Blahuš, 1993; 1996) sowie mit den Messleiterebenen und mit der Dichotomie, die in den Computerprogrammen zwischen den numerischen und den Reihenvariablen entsteht, eng verbunden. Das Grundgesetz der Verarbeitung irgendwelcher, also auch qualitativer Daten, basiert auf der Tatsache, dass, bevor eine sinnvolle Bewertung und Interpretation unternommen wird, die Daten mit Recht und absoluter Zuversicht als die Variablenwerte erkannt und angenomen werden müssen

Concept formation via latent variables modeling of motor abilities

Znanstveni teorijski koncepti, apstraktni atributi, koji se ponekad nazivaju “konstruktima”, u području kineziologije to su tipično takvi koncepti poput motoričkih sposobnosti (primjerice, izdržljivost, ravnoteža, koordinacija), vrlo često se modeliraju u okviru statističkih modela s latentnim varijablama (primjerice, faktorska analiza, analiza latentne strukture). Cilj je ovoga članka objasniti kako se s gledišta znanstvene metodologije taj proces može prepoznati kao slučaj tzv. “slabog asocijativnog mjerenja” (Blahuš, 1991). Matematičke formule modela s latentnim varijablama tada se prepoznaju kao formalizirana pravila korespondencije između empirijskih i teorijskih atributa, koja se pravila sastoje od dva temeljna izraza: (i) jednadžbe modela i njegovih aksioma, sto se može nazvati “modelom mjerenja”, i (ti) aksioma lokalne strukture neovisnosti koji zahtjeva sveukupnost objašnjenja što ga daje model. S točke gledišta znanstvenog naturalizma i filozofije znanosti, oblikovanje koncepata motoričke sposobnosti (npr. motorička koordinacija) primjenom modela s latentnim varijablama u okviru njihovih empirijskih pokazatelja (npr. motorički testovi) može se uspoređivati s paralelnim procesima u klasičnoj fizici, kao prototipu dobro razvijene znanstvene grane.Scientific theoretical concepts, the abstract attributes sometimes called ‘constructs’, in the area of kinesiology typically such concepts as motor abilities (e.g. endurance, coordination, balance, ...) are very often modelled in terms of statistical models with latent variables (e.g. factor analysis, latent structure analysis, …). The aim of the paper is to explain that from the point of view of the methodology of science this process can be recognized as a case of the so-called "weak associative measurement". The mathematical formulae of the latent variable models are then recognized as the formalized rules of correspondence between the empirical and theoretical attributes, consisting of two basic expressions: (i) a model equation and its axioms which can also be called a “measurement model’, (it) the local independence structure axiom needed for the completeness of the explanation which the model yields. From the point of view of scientific naturalism in the philosophy of science, the formation of the motor ability concepts (as motor coordination etc.) through their latent variables modeling in terms of their empirical indicators (such as motor tests) can then be compared to the parallel process in classical physics as a prototype of a well-developed branch of science

Humic substances as modifiers of the transdermal absorption of active phasrmaceutical ingredients

This thesis deals with the influence of humic substances on the transdermal penetration of the analgesic drug ibuprofen. Analgesics in the form of oral administration have major side effects. Thanks to topical preparations, side effects could be reduced and also bring a number of other benefits. The problem in the development of a transdermal form of the drug is the very effective barrier capacity of the human skin. Therefore, a lot of research is focused on the search for various accelerators that can improve its properties due to interaction with the drug. In the future, such substances could also include humic acids, which have a long tradition of use in a number of therapeutic approaches, and recently examples of their use in human medicine are increasingly appearing. The research was focused on the diffusive transport of sodium ibuprofen and its acidic counterpart. Franz diffusion cells were used to simulate the real environment, and skin isolated from pig ears was used as a membrane. Using UV-VIS spectrophotometry and HPLC, the samples were analyzed. Several values were calculated from the measured data, such as the effective diffusion coefficient, which were then compared and statistically checked. The result of this thesis is data that show the positive effect of humic substances on the transport of drugs through the skin membrane

Humic substances as active or auxiliary pharmaceutical component

This thesis examines the effect of the potassium lignohumate on the transfer speeds of analgesic drugs through the synthetic Strat-M® membrane. In order to examine the transfer of these substances, vertical diffusion cells were used and the final samples were analysed using UV-VIS spectrometer and HLPC. The intention of this thesis was to optimise the process of preparing diffusion cells, to compare the transfer speeds of pure active substances and active substances with the potassium lignohumate, and to compare the permeability of Strat-M® membranes, by using pig skin membranes which were used in the previous study that this thesis continues from. The primary discovery was that the lignohumate slowed down the transfer of active substances through the membrane

Humic substances as active or auxiliary pharmaceutical component

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá zkoumáním vlivu lignohumátu draselného na rychlost transportu analgetických léčiv přes syntetickou Strat-M® membránu. Pro zkoumání přestupu těchto látek byla použita vertikální difuzní cela, výsledné vzorky byly analyzovány pomocí UV-VIS spektrometru a HPLC. Cílem celé práce bylo optimalizovat proces přípravy difuzních cel, porovnat rychlosti transportu čistých aktivních látek a aktivních látek s přídavkem lignohumátu draselného a porovnat propustnost Strat-M® membrány s modelem prasečí kožní membrány, která byla použita v diplomové práci, na kterou tato studie navazuje. Hlavním zjištěním bylo, že lignohumát výrazně zpomalil transport aktivních látek přes membránu.This thesis examines the effect of the potassium lignohumate on the transfer speeds of analgesic drugs through the synthetic Strat-M® membrane. In order to examine the transfer of these substances, vertical diffusion cells were used and the final samples were analysed using UV-VIS spectrometer and HLPC. The intention of this thesis was to optimise the process of preparing diffusion cells, to compare the transfer speeds of pure active substances and active substances with the potassium lignohumate, and to compare the permeability of Strat-M® membranes, by using pig skin membranes which were used in the previous study that this thesis continues from. The primary discovery was that the lignohumate slowed down the transfer of active substances through the membrane.